阅读下面材料，根据要求作文。 　　一位主持人问一名立志做飞行

【名词&注释】

写作能力(writing ability)、基本素质(basic quality)、自我实现(self-realization)、复习资料、越俎代庖、官能心理学、《中小学教师职业道德规范》、继续前进、内容空洞、主观臆断

[多选题]阅读下面材料，根据要求作文。 　　一位主持人问一名立志做飞行员的小朋友："假如有一天，你架着飞机飞到太平洋上空时，熄火了，你会怎么办？"小朋友想了想说："我会先让大家绑好安全带，然后我乘着降落伞跳出去。"有观众问他："你为什么一个人逃生，丢下大家不管？"小孩满含眼泪，显得很委屈。主持人又问："为什么你要这么做？"小孩急切地说："我要去拿燃料，我还要回来！" 　　要求： 　　用规范的现代汉语写作。自定立意，自拟题目，自选文体。不少于800字。

A. 【参考范文】参考范文：少一点臆断 多一点理解 社会活动家格洛丽亚·斯坦姆曾向人们讲述过一个故事：一次考察中，在蜿蜒的康涅狄格河畔，她发现了一只巨大的乌龟，它趴在一段路的护堤上。显然是从河里爬出来的，经过一段土路才到了现在这个地方。它还在继续前进，随时有被汽车压死的危险。同是地球上的生物，爱心十足的斯坦姆觉得帮助它是责无旁贷的。于是她走上前，连拉带拽，最后总算把这只大乌龟从路障上带回岸边。这期间，大乌龟不断愤怒地想要咬斯坦姆。正当斯坦姆要把乌龟推回河里时，一位地球学教授走了过来，告诉她说："你知道，为了在路边的泥里产卵，那只乌龟可能花了一个月的时间才爬上公路，结果你却要把它推回河里！" 斯坦姆很懊恼。她犯了主观臆断的错误。我们父母、老师会不会演绎斯坦姆的做法呢？很显然，我们身边有很多这样的例子。当主持人问立志做飞行员的小朋友飞机熄火自己会怎么办，小朋友回答自己乘着降落伞跳出去时，观众会主观地臆断为小朋友是想丢下大家一个人独自逃生，却想不到或许小朋友是想去为大家取燃料：当老师面对班费少了10元时，会主观臆断为是哪个小朋友弄丢了、没有交甚至贪墨了，却不会想到是不是自己算错了；当孩子将买来的苹果都咬一口时，父母主观臆断为孩子是调皮捣蛋，却不知道孩子是想亲口尝出最甜的那一个给父母…… 斯坦姆因为主观臆断，犯下了对于乌龟来说可以说是毁灭性的错误。而如果父母、老师犯下主观臆断的错误，对于孩子来说，何尝不会造成难以挽回的损失。那么，生活和教育教学中，我们应该怎么做，才能少一点臆断，多一点理解呢？ 少一点臆断，多一点理解，需要我们父母或老师学会耐心倾听。兰本达说："耐心是一种品德。"著名教育家苏霍姆林斯基看见小女孩摘学校花园里的花的时候，没有立刻训斥她，而是耐心蹲下来听孩子的解释。最后得知摘花是为了生病的奶奶，并且还会把花还回来，感受到了孩子的孝心。耐心倾听孩子，你才能听到孩子最真诚的声音；耐心倾听孩子，才能给予最纯净的心灵以尊重；耐心倾听孩子，才能给出最正确的教育方案；耐心倾听孩子，才能避免因一时的不了解情况而伤害孩子的幼小心灵。 少一点臆断，多一点理解，需要我们父母或老师学会用宽容、关爱和积极的心态来对待孩子，学会尊重孩子的思维和选择。我们的家长和老师总是自以为很了解孩子，其实不然。孩子有孩子的思维，他们的想法跟成人不同。很多在成人看来不可思议、不能理解的想法或行为，对于儿童来说背后可能蕴藏着合理的理由和美好的愿望。孩子的心灵就像一汪清水，很多时候成人习惯于用消极的心态来揣摩孩子行为背后的意义，却没有意识到正是自己思想的复杂正在污染着一颗纯净的心灵，伤害着一种最美的善良。 为父母、为师者，面对孩子我们永远只是一个引路人。我们没有理由把我们的主观想法强加给孩子，我们更没有理由闯入孩子的精神世界里颐指气使。一位教育家说："你必须好好地了解了你的学生之后，才能对他说第一句话。"是的，基于主观臆断的越俎代庖，永远是教育爱心身躯上的一块赘肉，要"减肥"，必须有意识地在活动中"锻炼"，必须用"药"，而这良丹妙药即为：倾听、尊重、积极的心态……

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学习资料：

[单选题]小丽考试不理想，发卷子时，刘老师对她说："你好穿'耐克'，赶紧回家换'特步'吧！耐克的表示'√'，特步的才是'×'！"小丽顿时羞红了脸，这表明了刘老师()。

A. 教学语言有失严谨
B. 无视学生人格尊严
C. 批评学生严而有格
D. 教育学生严慈相济

[单选题]在Word中，不能操作实现的是( )。

A. 在页眉中插入日期
B. 建立奇偶内容不同的页眉
C. 在页眉中插入分页符
D. 在页眉中插入剪贴画

[单选题]主张教育目的要根据社会需要来决定，认为个人只是教育加工培养的对象，教育的目标在于把受教育者培养成符合社会准则文化教育的公民观点的是( )。

A. 个人本位论
B. 社会本位论
C. 形式教育
D. 实质教育

[单选题]下列不属于具体的观察方法的是( )。

A. 时间取样法
B. 事件取样法
C. 日记描述法
D. 分层抽样法

[单选题]小刚数学基础很好，对数学中的定理、公式很容易就能记住，这种记忆是( )。

A. 形象记忆
B. 逻辑记忆
C. 情绪记忆
D. 运动记忆

[单选题]某学生背诵复习资料时，在刚达到背诵的基础上，为了防止遗忘，又继续追加背诵了几遍，这种学习属于( )。

A. 适度学习
B. 过度学习
C. 掌握学习
D. 意义学习

[单选题]我们对优秀学生进行奖励，不仅可以激励优秀学生也可以激励一般学生，是因为一般学生受到了( )。

A. 直接奖励
B. 直接强化
C. 替代性强化
D. 替代性惩罚

[单选题]请阅读 Passage 2,完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Everyone knows that English departments are in trouble,but you can't appreciate just how much trouble until you read the new report from the Modern Language Association.The report is about Ph.D.programs,which have been in decline since 2008.These programs have gotten both more difficult and less rewarding: today,it can take almost a decade to get a doctorate,anD.at the end of your program,you're unlikely to find a tenure-track job. 　　The core of the problem is,of course,the job market.The M.L.A.report estimates that only sixty per cent of newly-minted Ph.D.s will find tenure-track jobs after graduation.If anything,that's wildly optimistic: the M.L.A.got to that figure by comparing the number of tenure-track jobs on its job list (around six hundred) with the number of new graduates (about a thousand).But that leaves out the thousands of unemployed graduates from past years who are still job-hunting-not to mention the older professors who didn't receive tenure,and who now find themselves competing with their former students.In all likelihooD.the number of jobs per candidate is much smaller than the report suggests.That's why the mood is so dire—why even professors are starting to ask,in the committee's words,"Why maintain doctoral study in the modern languages and literatures-or the rest ofthe humanities-at all?" 　　Those trends,in turn,are part of an even larger story having to do with the expansion and transformation of American education after the Second World War.Essentially,colleges grew less elite and more vocational.Before the war,relatively few people went to college.Then,in the nineteen-fifties,the G.I.Bill anD.later,the Baby Boom pushed colleges to grow rapidly.When the boom endeD.colleges found themselves overextended and competing for students.By the midseventies,schools were creating new programs designed to attract a broader range of students-for instance,women and minorities. 　　Those reforms worked: as Nate Silver reported in the Times last summer,about twice as many people attend college per capita now as did forty years ago.But all that expansion changed colleges.In the past,they had catered to elite students who were happy to major in the traditional liberal arts.Now,to attract middle-class students,colleges had to offer more career-focused majors,in fields like business,communications,and health care.As a result,humanities departments have found 　　themselves drifting away from the center of the university.Today,they are often regarded as a kind of institutional luxury,paid for by dynamiC.cheap,and growing programs in,say,adult-education.These large demographic facts are contributing to today's job-market crisis: they're why,while education as a whole is growing,the humanities aren't. 　　Given all this,what can an English department do? The M.L.A.report contains a number of suggestions.Pride of place is given to the idea that grad school should be shorter: "Departments should design programs that can be completed in five years." That will probably require changing the dissertation from a draft of an academic book into something shorter and simpler.At the same time,graduate students are encouraged to "broaden" themselves: to "engage more deeply with technology" ; to pursue unusual and imaginative dissertation projects; to work in more than one discipline; to acquire teaching skills aimed at online and community-college students; and to take workshops on subjects,such as project management and grant writing,which might be of value outside of academiA.Graduate programs,the committee suggests,should accept the fact that many of their students will have non-tenureD.or even non-academiC.careers.They should keep track of what happens to their graduates,so that students who decide to leave academia have a non-academic alumni network to draw upon.

What does "that" in the last paragraph refer to?

A. The idea of designing a shorter program.
B. The completion of a degree in five years.
C. The idea of drafting a shorter dissertation.
D. The suggestions given in the M.L.A.report.

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